Misinformation across social media platforms and across countries

Abstract

Citizens’ exposure and reaction to online misinformation are important concerns, particularly when intentionally false information can undermine faith in key democratic processes (e.g., elections) and disrupt public health efforts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in unnecessary deaths. In 2019 and 2021, we collected survey data in four countries: Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.