Between power and powerlessness: Artemis and Helen as contrasting symbols of femininity

Abstract

This paper explores the contrasting representations of femininity in Ancient Greek mythology through the characters of Artemis in Hippolytus by Euripides and Helen in the Iliad by Homer. It examines how these figures embody opposing extremes of female identity: Artemis as an idealized, autonomous goddess who enforces justice, and Helen as a mortal woman defined by beauty, male desire, and blame. Through close reading and modern feminist interpretations, the paper argues that these portrayals reflect enduring societal expectations and gender roles in both ancient and contemporary contexts. While Artemis symbolizes independence and female empowerment, Helen illustrates the consequences of objectification and the lack of agency under patriarchy. The comparison reveals how mythology continues to influence perceptions of gender, autonomy, and power.