Research Online at MacEwan :: Browsing by Author "Penney, Alexander"

Browsing by Author "Penney, Alexander"

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Anxiety sensitivity, metacognitions, and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms
(2023) Styba-Nelson, Kevin; Penney, Alexander
Previous research has established that anxiety sensitivity (AS) and metacognitions are both associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). AS consists of social concerns, cognitive concerns, and physical concerns about the negative impact of anxiety symptoms. Metacognitions are thoughts and beliefs about one’s cognitions, and both positive and negative beliefs about worry are key metacognitions in GAD. This study examined the unique contributions of these metacognitions and facets of AS on worry severity and GAD symptoms. An undergraduate sample (N = 150) completed self-report questionnaires of GAD symptoms, worry severity, AS, and metacognitions. Moderate to strong bivariate correlations were found between all variables. The results of multiple regression equations revealed that social concerns of AS, positive beliefs about worry, and negative beliefs about worry were uniquely associated with both GAD symptoms and worry severity. Additionally, negative beliefs about worry remained the only significant predictor of GAD symptoms when controlling for worry severity. These findings agree with previous research that negative beliefs about worry are a robust predictor of GAD symptoms. This serves to further highlight negative beliefs about worry’s connection with GAD, and indicates that therapists may wish to focus on negative beliefs about worry more than AS when treating GAD.
Are metacognitions part of the common core cognitive vulnerability?
(2023) Styba-Nelson, Kevin; Penney, Alexander
Hong and colleagues have recently argued that anxiety and depression-related constructs like anxiety sensitivity (AS), intolerance of uncertainty, and ruminative style may be components of a broad general negative repetitive thinking style, known as the common core cognitive vulnerability. Despite similarities between AS and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, particularly between AS cognitive concerns and negative metacognitive beliefs about worry, there has been a lack of research examining commonalities between them. Examining AS and metacognitions together may help indicate if dysfunctional metacognitions should be considered another component of this larger cognitive vulnerability. In this study, an undergraduate sample (N=350) completed self-report questionnaires of AS and metacognitive beliefs. AS was assessed using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) with its three subscales measuring physically, socially, and cognitively focused concerns. Metacognitive beliefs were assessed using the Metacognition Questionaire-30 (MCQ-30), with its five subscales for positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about worry, cognitive confidence, need to control thoughts, and cognitive self-consciousness. An exploratory principal component analysis revealed the model of best fit was a one factor solution, with all eight subscales loading onto the factor. The cognitive subscale of the ASI-3 had the strongest loading on this factor, followed by negative beliefs about worry, and ASI-3 physical concerns. These findings demonstrate that marked similarities exist in the constructs that make up the subscales of the ASI-3 and MCQ-30. Further, the findings suggest that dysfunctional metacognitions may be another aspect of the proposed common core cognitive vulnerability. Implications for treatment and future research will be discussed.
Aversive, appetitive and flavour avoidance responses in the presence of contextual cues
(2011) Brown, Adam R.; Penney, Alexander; Skinner, Darlene M.; Martin, Gerard M.
Appetitive, aversive and avoidance responses to a flavoured solution in distinct contexts were examined. Rats placed in either a white or black box were given access to saccharin. Consumption was followed by an injection of a toxin in one but not the other box. Rats showed more aversive responses in anticipation of and during the presentation of saccharin in the box paired with the toxin than in the box paired with vehicle. The reverse was true for appetitive responses. The acquisition of conditioned avoidance paralleled the acquisition of aversive and appetitive responses. These findings demonstrate that the toxin does not have to overlap exposure to contextual cues to produce conditioned aversive responses, that the aversive and appetitive responses to a flavour can be modulated by visually distinct environments that predict the toxin, and that conditioned avoidance and conditioned aversions develop simultaneously during acquisition. Thus, environmental cues can modulate anticipatory nausea and may prove helpful in the control of nausea in clinical settings.
Can’t stop worrying? Examining the mechanisms of generalized anxiety disorder
(2023) Parkinson, Sydney; Penney, Alexander
Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) experience excessive and chronic worry over various daily events. If left untreated, GAD tends to be impairing and chronic. Existing research has shown negative beliefs about worry (NBW), positive beliefs about worry (PBW), intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and fear of emotions to be associated with GAD. However, the existing research is primarily cross-sectional. The present longitudinal study examined whether changes in NBW, PBW, IU, and fear of emotions predict changes in pathological worry and GAD symptoms over time. Undergraduate psychology students (N = 372), pre-screened for high levels of worry, completed a series of online self-report measures assessing worry, GAD symptoms, NBW, PBW, IU, and fear of emotions. Participants completed the questionnaires again 4 months later. Changes in NBW, IU, and fears of emotions predicted changes in worry severity. Additionally, changes in NBW and IU were the only mechanisms to predict changes in GAD symptoms. Further, NBW was the strongest predictor of changes in both worry and GAD. These findings have implications for the understanding and treatment of GAD. Primarily targeting NBW, while incorporating IU and fear of emotions into therapy, may enhance the treatment of GAD.
Comparing positive and negative beliefs about worry in predicting generalized anxiety disorder symptoms
(2012) Penney, Alexander; Mazmanian, Dwight; Rudanycz, Caitlin
People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) hold both positive and negative beliefs about worry. Dugas and Koerner (2005) view positive beliefs as one of the maintaining factors in GAD. Wells (2005) argues that the positive beliefs regarding worry are not unique to GAD, and that it is the negative beliefs about worry that maintain GAD. Ruscio and Borkovec (2004) found that the negative beliefs that worry is uncontrollable and dangerous differentiated individuals with GAD and individuals who were high worriers without GAD. The current study aimed to extend the findings of Ruscio and Borkovec (2004) through the use of a mediation model in a non-clinical sample (N = 230). Using subscales from the Why Worry-II (Holowka, Dugas, Francis, & Laugesen, 2000) and the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), the results confirmed that both positive and negative beliefs about worry were correlated with GAD symptoms and trait worrying. However, using sequential regression, only the negative beliefs that worry is uncontrollable and dangerous, and that thoughts should be controlled predicted GAD symptoms after controlling for trait worrying. These beliefs, particularly the beliefs that worry is uncontrollable and dangerous, were found to mediate the relationship between trait worrying and GAD symptoms. Implications for models of the development of GAD are discussed.
Differentiating the roles of intolerance of uncertainty and negative beliefs about worry across emotional disorders
(2020) Penney, Alexander; Rachor, Geoffrey S.; Deleurme, Kendall A.
Background: Researchers have examined intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and negative beliefs about worry (NBW) in emotional disorders. However, the distinct relationships of IU and NBW remain unclear. We examined IU and NBW across emotional disorders, controlling for overlapping symptoms. We also explored prospective and inhibitory IU. Methods: A sample of 565 undergraduates completed measures of IU and NBW, as well as measures of generalized anxiety, depression, social anxiety, panic, post-traumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive, and illness anxiety disorder symptoms. Regression analyses were used to determine which factors were uniquely associated with symptoms of each disorder. Results: Both IU and NBW were associated with generalized anxiety and social anxiety disorder symptoms. IU was also associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and negatively associated with panic disorder symptoms. NBW was also associated with depression. Neither IU now NBW were associated with post-traumatic stress or illness anxiety disorders. Prospective and inhibitory IU also had differential associations with the emotional disorders. Conclusions: Our results indicate that IU and NBW, while transdiagnostic, are differentially associated with emotional disorder symptoms. Our results also support the discriminant validity of prospective and inhibitory IU.
Do metacognitions contribute to health anxiety when controlling for OCD comorbidity?
(2023) Styba-Nelson, Kevin; Byam, Layton; Penney, Alexander
Previous research has found that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs about health are associated with health anxiety (HA), even when controlling for depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) overlaps with HA, but OCD symptoms have not been controlled for in prior studies that examined metacognitive beliefs about health. The current study examined if metacognitive beliefs about health remain associated with HA when OCD and anxiety sensitivity were accounted for. An undergraduate sample (N = 400) completed online self-report questionnaires of OCD symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, metacognitive beliefs about health, and HA. OCD symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and metacognitive beliefs about health all showed moderate to strong bivariate correlations with HA. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted where OCD symptoms were entered in the first step, anxiety sensitivity was entered in the second step, and metacognitive beliefs were entered in the last step. Metacognitive beliefs about the uncontrollability of illness-related thoughts, along with OCD symptoms and anxiety sensitivity about physical concerns, were found to be uniquely predictive of HA. These findings support previous research establishing a link between metacognitive beliefs and HA, and expand upon them by suggesting the relationship is not accounted for by OCD symptoms.
Dysfunctional beliefs related to generalized anxiety disorder: a categorical versus dimensional approach
(2021) Parkinson, Sydney; Penney, Alexander
Previous research suggests that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) hold maladaptive beliefs that predict the onset and maintenance of GAD. This study examined various dysfunctional beliefs related to GAD to see whether different beliefs would be associated with GAD symptoms when GAD was considered dimensionally versus categorically. A sample of undergraduate students who were pre-screened for a high degree of worry (N = 344) completed online self-report measures. These scales measured GAD symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), negative beliefs about worry (NBW), positive beliefs about worry, fear of depression and fear of anxiety, and cognitive avoidance. Participants were also classified as Probable GAD (n = 211) or Non-GAD (n = 133) based upon DSM-5 criteria. All dysfunctional beliefs correlated with GAD symptoms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that IU, NBW, and fear of depression were unique predictors of dimensional GAD symptom severity. Logistic regressions revealed that IU and NBW were unique predictors of being in the Probable GAD group. NBW was the strongest predictor of both GAD symptom severity and Probable GAD categorization. These findings support previous research suggesting that results show some variation depending on whether GAD is conceptualized dimensionally or categorically. Further, among dysfunctional beliefs that contribute to GAD, NBW is the strongest predictor of both dimensional symptom severity and endorsing the symptoms consistent with a DSM-5 diagnosis of GAD. Therefore, NBW should be a primary focus of GAD research and therapy.
Evidence for proactive interference in the focus of attention of working memory
(2010) Carroll, Lauren M.; Jalbert, Annie; Penney, Alexander; Neath, Ian; Surprenant, Aimée M.; Tehan, Gerald
Proactive interference (PI) occurs when an earlier item interferes with memory for a newer item. Whereas some researchers (e.g., Surprenant & Neath, 2009a) argue that PI can be observed in all memory systems, some multiple systems theorists (e.g., Cowan, 1999) propose that items in the focus of attention of working memory are immune to PI. Two experiments tested whether PI occurs when the to-be-remembered items are assumed, by multiple-systems theorists, to be held in the focus of attention. In each experiment, subjects saw four trials in a row with the same type of to-be-remembered items, followed by four trials in a row with a different type of material. On each trial, only 3 stimuli were shown, which is below the capacity limit of the focus of attention, and subjects were asked if a probe item was one of those 3 items seen. In both experiments, response time increased from Trial 1 to Trial 4, suggesting that items from the earlier trials interfered with memory on the later trials. In addition, release from PI was shown in that response times decreased with a change of materials. The results replicate those first reported by Hanley and Scheirer (1975), and pose a problem for theorists who argue that parts of short-term memory are immune to PI.
Examining anxiety sensitivity, metacognitions, and anxiety symptoms
(2023) Styba-Nelson, Kevin; Penney, Alexander
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is defined by chronic, distressing worry regarding multiple areas of a person’s life. One thought pattern that is known to contribute to GAD symptoms is anxiety sensitivity (AS). AS can be thought of as the fear of anxiety and its consequences. Two other thought patterns that contribute to GAD are positive beliefs about worry (PBW) and negative beliefs about worry (NBW). PBW refers to beliefs that worry is a positive tool for things like problem solving. NBW refers to beliefs that worrying is harmful or uncontrollable. While both PBW and NBW are related to GAD, NBW’s relationship is much stronger. In Fall 2022, I conducted a study that examined how PBW and NBW interact with AS to contribute to GAD. Given NBW’s much stronger relationship with GAD than PBW, I predicted that only NBW would interact with AS to contribute to GAD symptoms. Data from 573 student self-reports showed that AS, NBW, and PBW all independently related to GAD without relying on one another. However, these findings may have been affected by an abnormally anxious student sample. Given this, a second running of this study with a non-student sample is planned, which will additionally examine how fears of uncertain future events, as well as tendencies to experience negative emotions, are associated with GAD. While these preliminary findings were unexpected, they provide a valuable foundation for future research, and may be relevant to understanding how different thought patterns can contribute to the same disorder.
Examining beliefs related to health anxiety
(2020) Unrau, Tiffany; Penney, Alexander
While everyone worries about their health from time to time, excessive worrying is maladaptive. Severe health anxiety (HA) is characterized by disproportionate health worries. Furthermore, a person with severe HA may become convinced that they have, or are at risk of developing, a serious illness. The present study examines how different beliefs, such as intolerance of uncertainty (IU), metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive avoidance contribute to HA. Past research has found that IU and metacognitive beliefs contribute significantly to HA, but these factors have not been examined together. Moreover, cognitive avoidance is characteristic of other anxiety disorders, but there is limited research on how it contributes to HA. Specifically, IU refers to the negative reactions and beliefs that an individual may have toward ambiguity. Some individuals cannot tolerate uncertainty, and may cope by seeking excessive reassurance from others or engaging in checking behaviour. Metacognitive beliefs refer to an individual’s beliefs about his or her own thoughts. For example, a specific metacognitive belief is believing that thoughts are uncontrollable. Cognitive avoidance refers to thought strategies that are aimed at avoiding thoughts about undesirable events or problems. Self-report measures will be administered to non-clinical university students (N = 600) to investigate the relationship between HA, IU, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive avoidance. Additional factors that have been previously found to contribute to HA will also be controlled for. It is hypothesized that IU, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive avoidance, will have a significant relationship with HA. Expected findings have implications for HA understanding and treatment.
Exploring metacognitions in health anxiety and chronic pain: a cross-sectional survey
(2020) Rachor, Geoffrey S.; Penney, Alexander
The occurrence of health anxiety (HA) in chronic pain is associated with adverse outcomes. As such, it is important to identify constructs that might influence HA and pain-related outcomes. Metacognitions are an emerging area of interest in both HA and chronic pain, but the relationship between the three factors has not been extensively examined. The current study sought to examine the role of metacognitions about health in HA and pain-related outcomes in chronic pain.
Exploring which anxiety-related disorder symptoms and mechanisms are associated with COVID-19 anxiety
(2022) Byam, Layton; Penney, Alexander
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in anxiety has been reported among the population. This rise coincides with the introduction of COVID-19 anxiety, which is the fear and emotional distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has found an association between COVID-19 anxiety and symptoms of health anxiety, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. COVID-19 anxiety has also been associated with mechanisms such as anxiety sensitivity, maladaptive metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty, and the emotion of disgust. In the current study, self-report questionnaires were used to examine which anxiety-related disorder symptoms, and related mechanisms, were associated with COVID-19 anxiety. A total of 593 MacEwan students completed the study between September 2020 and February 2021. A set of regression analyses examined which anxiety-related disorder symptoms were uniquely associated with COVID-19 anxiety. The two symptoms most associated with COVID-19 anxiety were health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. When examining the anxiety-related mechanisms, a second set of regression analyses identified disgust sensitivity and health anxiety-specific intolerance of uncertainty as having the strongest association with COVID-19 anxiety. Based on these findings, clinicians may wish to screen for COVID-19 anxiety in clients experiencing health anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or panic disorder symptoms. Lastly, clinicians may find it helpful to target the clients' responses to feelings of disgust, and their health anxiety-specific intolerance of uncertainty, when working with clients experiencing high levels of COVID-19 anxiety.
Exploring which anxiety-related disorder symptoms and mechanisms are associated with COVID-19 anxiety
(2022) Byam, Layton; Penney, Alexander
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in anxiety has been reported among the population. This rise coincides with the introduction of COVID-19 anxiety, which is the fear and emotional distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has found an association between COVID-19 anxiety and symptoms of health anxiety, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. COVID-19 anxiety has also been associated with dysfunctional beliefs such as anxiety sensitivity, maladaptive metacognitions, and intolerance of uncertainty. Additionally, COVID-19 anxiety has been associated with the emotion of disgust. However, the association of these factors with COVID-19 anxiety has not been explored together in a single study. In the current study, self-report questionnaires were used to examine which anxiety-related disorder symptoms, and related mechanisms, were associated with COVID-19 anxiety. A total of 593 MacEwan students completed the study between September 2020 and February 2021. A set of regression analyses examined which anxiety-related disorder symptoms were uniquely associated with COVID-19 anxiety. The two symptoms most associated with COVID-19 anxiety were health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Additionally, panic disorder symptoms were also found to be associated. When examining the anxiety-related mechanisms, a second set of regression analyses identified disgust sensitivity and health anxiety-specific intolerance of uncertainty as having the strongest association with COVID-19 anxiety. Further, a maladaptive metacognitive belief related to thinking about one's health, as well as the physical and cognitive aspects of anxiety sensitivity, were associated with COVID-19 anxiety. Based on these findings, clinicians may wish to screen for COVID-19 anxiety in clients experiencing health anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or panic disorder symptoms. Lastly, clinicians may find it helpful to target the clients' responses to feelings of disgust, and their health anxiety-specific intolerance of uncertainty, when working with clients experiencing high levels of COVID-19 anxiety.
Factors associated with recent suicide attempts in clients presenting for addiction treatment
(2012) Penney, Alexander; Mazmanian, Dwight; Jamieson, John; Black, Nancy
Factors associated with recent suicide attempts were examined in clients who sought treatment at an addictions facility between 2001 and 2008. Clients who reported being hospitalized for attempting suicide in the past year (n = 76) were compared to all other clients (n = 5914) on demographic, mental health, substance use, and problem gambling variables. Compared to all other clients, clients who attempted suicide were significantly less educated, and more likely to have major depressive disorder, a bipolar disorder, ADHD, personality disorder, or a gambling problem. While mental health issues have long been linked with suicide, new research, such as the present study, continues to find associations between gambling and suicide. With the strong relationship between mood disorders and gambling, these findings support continued research into the possible connection between gambling and suicide.
Generalized anxiety disorder: does the emotion dysregulation model predict symptoms beyond the Metacognitive Model?
(2022) Deleurme, Kendall A.; Parkinson, Sydney; Penney, Alexander
While the Metacognitive Model (MCM) of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is well-established, the Emotion Dysregulation Model (EDM) of GAD has received less attention. This study examined whether the EDM helps explain GAD above and beyond the MCM. The influence of gender was also explored. A non-clinical university sample (N = 626) completed measures of GAD symptoms, worry severity, the MCM, and the EDM. In support of the EDM, it was found that fear of depression predicted GAD symptoms for men, while fear of anxiety predicted GAD symptoms for women. However, across genders, the strongest predictor of GAD symptoms and worry severity was negative beliefs about worry. While these findings support the MCM view that holding the beliefs that worry is harmful and dangerous is the strongest predictor of GAD overall, incorporating aspects of the EDM into our understanding and treatment of GAD may be beneficial.
Intelligence and emotional disorders: is the worrying and ruminating mind a more intelligent mind?
(2015) Penney, Alexander; Miedema, Victoria C.; Mazmanian, Dwight
Previous research has shown that anxiety and depression symptoms are negatively associated with measures of intelligence. However, this research has often not taken state distress and test anxiety into account, and recent findings indicate possible positive relationships between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), worry, and intelligence. The present study examined the relationships between GAD, depression, and social anxiety symptoms, as well as their underlying cognitive processes of worry, rumination, and post-event processing, with verbal and non-verbal intelligence in an undergraduate sample (N = 126). While the results indicate that verbal intelligence has positive relationships with GAD and depression symptoms when test anxiety and state negative affect were taken into account, these relationships became non-significant when overlapping variance was controlled for. However, verbal intelligence was a unique positive predictor of worry and rumination severity. Non-verbal intelligence was a unique negative predictor of post-event processing. The possible connections between intelligence and the cognitive processes that underlie emotional disorders are discussed.
Longitudinal examination of causal and maintaining dysfunctional beliefs in generalized anxiety disorder
(2021) Parkinson, Sydney; Penney, Alexander
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and chronic worry. Various psychological models have implicated dysfunctional beliefs as causal and maintaining factors in GAD. The two models that have received the most empirical support include the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model and the Metacognitive Model. Existing research has shown intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and negative beliefs about worry (NBW) to be important factors in GAD. However, the existing research is primarily cross-sectional, which does not allow researchers to determine whether IU or NBW cause and maintain GAD. This study sought to longitudinally examine whether changes in IU and NBW predict changes in worry severity and GAD symptoms. It is hypothesized that NBW will be the stronger predictor of GAD development and maintenance compared to IU. Undergraduate psychology students, scoring high on a pre-screen measure of pathological worry, are currently being invited for inclusion in the study. Online self- report measures will be administered to eligible participants (N = 650) to assess levels of worry, GAD symptoms, positive and negative affect, IU, NBW, negative problem orientation, cognitive avoidance, and fear of emotions. Participants will be invited to return after 4-months to complete the same series of online questionnaires. To date, a sample of 509 participants have completed the initial assessment and 212 participants have completed the 4-month follow-up assessment. Findings from this study will help clarify whether IU or NBW more strongly influence GAD. Additionally, findings could have implications for the treatment of GAD.
Lottery ticket and instant win ticket gambling: exploring the distinctions
(2015) Short, Megan; Penney, Alexander; Mazmanian, Dwight; Jamieson, John
Lottery gambling is the most common form of gambling in Canada, and lottery tickets and instant win tickets are the most frequently played games. Differences between lottery ticket gambling and instant win ticket gambling were examined by using a large-scale Canadian data set (N = 25,780). Lottery ticket gambling was associated with being older, male, and married, whereas instant win ticket gambling was associated with lower levels of education. Frequency of instant win ticket gambling predicted greater problem gambling severity and participating in more gambling activities independent of demographic variables and lottery ticket gambling. In comparison, frequency of lottery ticket gambling did not predict problem gambling severity or the number of gambling activities independent of demographic variables and instant win ticket gambling. Neither lottery game was related to mental health disorders or substance use. These findings provide converging evidence suggesting that different lottery games may attract distinct types of Canadian gamblers.
Models of generalized anxiety disorder: does the emotion dysregulation model aid understanding?
(2017) Deleurme, Kendall A.; Penney, Alexander
While models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are available, the literature continues to explore and expand upon the different conceptualizations. Among these models, one of the most recent is the Emotion Dysregulation Model (EDM). According to the EDM, individuals with GAD have issues understanding, expressing, and managing emotions. The EDM proposes that individuals with GAD experience the following: emotional hyperarousal, involving low emotional thresholds; poor understanding of emotions, including problems with describing and labelling; negative attitudes towards emotions; and unsuccessful emotion regulation and management strategies. However, there is a lack of research providing support for the utility of the EDM. Furthermore, a gap exists in the literature comparing the EDM to more established models. The proposed study extends the current literature by examining whether the EDM helps explain GAD symptoms when compared to a well-established model of GAD, the Metacognitive Model (MCM). The MCM emphasizes that individuals with GAD have negative beliefs about the dangerousness and uncontrollability of worry. Several self-report measures previously used in research of the EDM and the MCM will be administered to non-clinical university participants (N = 400) to investigate which measures uniquely predict GAD symptoms. The proposed study hypothesizes the following: GAD symptoms will positively correlate with emotion dysregulation; GAD symptoms will positively correlate with negative beliefs about worry; and emotion dysregulation will predict GAD symptoms independent of negative beliefs about worry. Expected findings have implications for treatment of GAD, encouraging an approach focusing on emotion psychoeducation and development of effective emotional regulation strategies.

Browsing by Author "Penney, Alexander"

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