Department of Sociology

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14078/13

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Civil service organization as a political determinant of health: analyzing relationships between merit-based hiring, corruption, and population health
(2024) Patterson, Andrew C.
A growing literature finds that the way governments are organized can impact the societies they serve in important ways. The same is apparent with respect to civil service organizations. Numerous studies show that the recruitment of civil servants based on their credentials rather than on nepotism or patronage reduces corruption in government. Political corruption in turn appears to harm population health. Up to this time, however, civil service organization is not a recognized determinant of health and is little discussed outside of political science disciplines. To provoke a broader conversation on this subject, the following study proposes that meritocratic recruitment of civil servants improves population health. To test this proposition, a series of regression models examines comparative data for 118 countries. Consistent with study hypotheses, meritocratic recruitment of civil servants corresponds longitudinally with both lower rates of corruption and lower rates of infant mortality. Results are similar after robustness checks. Findings with regard to life expectancy are more mixed. However, additional tests suggest meritocratic recruitment contributes to life expectancy over a longer span of time. Findings also offer more support for a direct pathway from meritocratic recruitment to population health rather than via changes in corruption levels per se, although this may depend on a country's level of economic development. Overall, this study offers first evidence that civil service organization, particularly the recruitment of civil servants based on the merits of their applications rather than on whom they happen to know in government, is a positive determinant of health. More research in this area is needed.
Atmosphere and inspiration in the Soviet Gulag
(2023) Stepnisky, Jeffrey
In this essay I use Peter Sloterdijk's and Gernot Böhme's theories of atmosphere to describe the production of atmospheres in the Soviet Gulag. I rely on eight memoirs written by Gulag prisoners. I develop the idea that atmospheres are formed out of co-inspirational practices between persons and the objects in their world. The Gulag is an extreme social situation in which these inspirational practices are manipulated and/or destroyed. Nevertheless, I claim that prisoners find opportunities to develop atmospheres that shelter, protect, and uplift them. I describe the practices through which these atmospheres are created and emphasize their relationship to an inspirational approach to social psychological theories of selfhood and social life.
Documenting and activating educational leadership and authentic teaching
(2024) Symbaluk, Diane; Andrews, David M.; Potter, Tiffany; Zecevic, Aleksandra
This essay describes two integrated projects initiated by the 2020 3M National Teaching Fellowship Award (NTF) cohort on educational leadership and the role of authenticity among exemplary teachers, as presented at STLHE 2022. A thematic analysis of 3M NTF award-winning dossiers identified six prevalent traits characteristic of educational leaders: innovation, persistence, responsiveness, reflectiveness, curiosity, and positive opportunism. The analysis also revealed aspects of educational leadership in practice, including being committed to a cause, being action-oriented, being community-engaged, being multi-disciplinary, building bridges, freely sharing, trailblazing, and using applied methods. Educational leaders’ relationships with others tended to foreground elements of collaboration, empowerment, support, and mentorship, and their actions had an impact beyond their own classrooms or institutions. In the second project, qualitative interviews with cohort members articulated ways in which authentic teaching is expressed by educational leaders. The actions of authentic teachers were viewed as influential and inspiring, and based on their actions authentic teachers tended to be recognized as instruments of change. These results were shared in an interactive workshop at STHLE 2022, which discussed how educational leadership is currently framed in higher education, and guided participants in self-reflection as educators and leaders to formulate calls to action involving educational leadership and authentic teaching.
Queer joy-centered sexuality education: offering a novel framework for gender-based violence prevention
(2024) Wright, JJ (Jessica); Falek, Joshua; Greenberg, Ellis
2SLGBTQ+ people face disproportionately high rates of gender-based violence (GBV) compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Scholars have predominantly responded to this violence by reporting on victimization, which homogenizes queer and trans life as misery. To avoid reproducing this joy-deficit, we propose a novel approach that centers queer sexual joy. As rape culture is symptomatic of cisheteronormativity, queer sexual joy is a useful analytic with which to subvert GBV. Drawing on findings from the Queer Sexual Joy project, a mixed-methods study involving 100 young adults from Canada and the US, we introduce six recommendations for a framework to focalize queer and trans sexual joy in GBV prevention education, including: 1) containers for safety; 2) communication strategies; 3) bodily autonomy; 4) trauma-informed, anti-oppression, 5) pleasure; and 6) dissociation and grounding practices. We propose that GBV education rooted in queer sexual joy would reorient all youth from hegemonic sexual scripts and provide a frame for more just sexual cultures.
Cripping and queering gender-based violence prevention: bridging disability justice, queer joy, and consent education
(2024) Wright, JJ (Jessica); Manuel, Caitlin A.
Although frequently relegated to the periphery in conversations about gender-based violence prevention, the disabling impacts of traumatised subjectivity both affect survivors’ abilities to fully participate in sex and contribute to survivors being more than twice as likely to be sexually (re)victimised compared to peers without trauma histories. In this paper, we seek to crip and queer approaches to gender-based violence prevention, particularly consent education, by learning from 2SLGBTQ+ and disabled trauma survivors’ affective experiences of queer, crip sexual joy and the radically messy ways in which they establish their own care networks for deeply pleasurable sex through the principles of disability justice. Refusing pathologising understandings of survivors as those who need to be cured, we highlight traumatised subjectivity as emblematic of the ambiguity and ambivalence inherent in sex as well as the possibilities for caring, consensual sex that moves beyond the concept of consent employed in colonial, neoliberal capitalist societies’ binary (Yes/No) consent laws. Drawing on the work of crip and queer theorists such as Mia Mingus, Alison Kafer, Leah Piepzna-Samarasinha, and J. Logan Smilges, we reveal how disability justice principles, such as interdependence, collective access, and access intimacy, offer transformative understandings for anti-violence efforts.
Mixed reviews: perceptions of prison health care delivery in Western Canadian prisons
(2024) Schultz, William
Prison health care is often described as substandard and reduces the quality of life for those experiencing incarceration. However, examining incarcerated peoples’ perceptions of prison health care reveals specific nuances on the topic. I draw on 587 interviews with incarcerated people and 131 correctional officer interviews, collected as part of the University of Alberta Prisons Project, to detail how incarcerated people perceive prison health care. First, a substantial minority of participants describe prison health care as a positive part of their experience, specifically detailing its impact on substance use and chronic health problems. Second, participants describe gaps in prison health care, with a specific focus on medication provision and communication. Finally, participants describe prison health care as a form of capricious governance, which increases the pain of incarceration. Together, these three themes shed light on how prison health care shapes the experiences of incarcerated people. Post-print version.
Correctional officers and the ongoing health implications of prison work
(2025) Schultz, William; Ricciardeli, Rosemary
Correctional Service Providers (CSP), including Correctional officers (COs), are key front-line figures in prisons globally, with responsibility for a wide range of daily prison operations. Over the past decade, research on prison staff has massively grown. However, the portrait this scholarship draws is concerning. Research focusing on the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of prison staff consistently paints a picture of a deeply unhealthy group of people, with above-average levels of physical health concerns. Likewise, recent literature suggests correctional employees are facing a mental health crisis, with high prevalence of mental health disorders and self-harming behaviors, even when compared to other law enforcement personnel. Further, scholars have expressed concerns about the social and cultural wellbeing of staff, factors that directly impact daily prison operations. We conduct a broad overview of the literature on correctional worker health and wellness, identifying key themes and major areas of concern. We conclude by identifying key challenges and proposing areas for future research.
Discretion as weakness: exploring the relationship between correctional officers’ attitudes toward discretion and attempted boundary violations
(2024) Stevens, Leanne; Schultz, William; Patterson, Andrew C.
Research paints discretion as a tool correctional officers (COs) use to navigate their work. Discretion helps COs gain compliance and resolve conflicts amicably, and officers sometimes use it to improve relationships with incarcerated people. However, research also suggest that COs’ reliance on discretionary power may produce harmful complications, undermining institutional regulations and creating conditions for serious rule violations. Little quantitative analysis exists on how CO discretion impacts prison operations, making the broader impact of discretion unclear. To address this gap, we use open-access data collected between 2017–2018 (Griffin & Hepburn, 2020). We then test whether a CO’s attitude toward discretion may correspond with attempts from incarcerated people to encourage boundary violations. Results show that COs with more liberal attitudes toward discretion correspond with higher odds of being approached by incarcerated people to violate boundaries. Black COs have lower odds of being approached for minor boundary violations, while women officers have higher odds of having incarcerated people try to initiate an inappropriate relationship. Findings show that liberal attitudes among COs toward discretion may encourage incarcerated people to violate the most consequential prison rules. We conclude by discussing the implications for future research.
Canadian correctional officers, institutionalization, and the social impacts of prison work
(2024) Stevens, Leanne; Schultz, William
Researchers often use institutionalization to explain the psychological impact of imprisonment on incarcerated people, but little is known about how institutionalization processes may impact other actors in prison, such as correctional officers (COs). New research consistently describes prison work as a damaging experience, something that significantly impacts short and long-term health outcomes of COs. A broad reading of the institutionalization literature demonstrates remarkable similarities to CO mental health research, raising questions about whether institutionalization frameworks can help us understand prison work. We draw on 131 interviews with Canadian COs to examine this possibility, and find that COs draw broad institutionalization narratives framing prison work as a distinctly harmful experience with lasting impacts on their personalities, identities, and relationships. We conclude by discussing the implications of using institutionalization as a means of understanding correctional work.
A good place to do time? Detailing the construction of symbolic social boundaries in correctional boot camps
(2024) Schultz, William; Bucerius, Sandra M.; Haggerty, Kevin D.
Drawing on qualitative interviews with 51 incarcerated adult men and nine correctional officers in a Western Canadian prison system, we ask why some incarcerated people find it appealing to be placed on correctional boot camp units and what such appeals tell us about broader conditions of incarceration. Participants on three boot camp units drew on narratives relating to (a) extrinsic benefits, (b) discipline and structure, (c) teamwork and positive relationships, and (d) an opportunity for self-improvement to construct symbolic boundaries between “normal” units and boot camps, as well as their former self and their transformed current self. By drawing symbolic boundaries between the past and present and between other units and their boot camp unit, our participants create narratives that allow them to partially mitigate some pains of imprisonment.
“The loving queer gaze”: the epistemological significance of queer joy
(2024) Wright, JJ (Jessica); Falek, Joshua
This article contends with queer joy as an epistemology to highlight an affective experience that grounds a basis for revising dominant approaches to sexual ethics. Drawing on findings from a mixed-methods study with 100 2SLGBTQ+ young adults from Canada and the US, we argue that queer and trans people mobilize queer sexual joy as an epistemology of script breaking that led participants to explore freedom and play, enjoy novel forms of care and communality, and to challenge oppression. We found that 2SLGBTQ+ young adults are undermining dominant sexual cultures which perpetuate gender-based violence through cisheteronormative logics of objectification and dominance. Rather than simply producing misery, normative sex and gender regimes produced a disorientation among 2SLGBTQ+ young adults which was fruitful for breaking sexual scripts and developing approaches to sex and relationships grounded in greater authenticity, creativity, reciprocity, play, and joy. We propose that by taking queer joy as a way of knowing, we may learn how queer and trans people negotiate the performativity of gender and sex, their own bodily knowledge, and the epistemic injustices that have precluded this knowledge from being valued. Pushing against the “joy deficit” in sociology that constrains the field to the study of the misery that minority communities face, this paper not only demonstrates what sociologists might learn from the texture of queer and trans lives, but also how these lessons can help to undermine cisheteronormativity as a root cause of gender-based violence.
Research recast(ed): S3E11 - Investigating differences in learning in higher education
(2024) Leschyshyn, Brooklyn; Smadis, Natalie; Hills, Melissa
In this episode, we talk with Dr. Melissa Hills about ways to improve student learning experiences and create more inclusive learning environments for different types of learners. Dr. Hills explains the Universal Design for Learning framework, which helps educators design learning experiences that work for everyone. For more information about Dr. Melissa Hills work please visit: Hills & Peacock (2022). Replacing Power with Flexible Structure: Implementing Flexible Deadlines to Improve Student Learning Experiences. Teaching and Learning Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.10.26. Hills. (2023) The value of team-based learning in a pandemic and five simple tips to get started. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21713.
Research methods: exploring the social world in Canadian contexts
(2024) Symbaluk, Diane; Hall, Robyn
Research Methods: Exploring the Social World in Canadian Contexts, third edition, provides students with a readily accessible introduction to research methodology. This open textbook covers qualitative and quantitative methods, guiding readers through planning and conducting research, proposal writing, and report creation while addressing common research errors and challenges. Key topics include ethics, research design, sampling, experiments, surveys, qualitative interviewing, ethnography, and mixed-method approaches.
Research recast(ed): S3E3 - Bringing young minds to MacEwan through experiences, experiments, and fun with Dr. Emily Milne, Dr. Kaitlyn Towle, and Steven Campbell
(2023) Leschyshyn, Brooklyn; Smadis, Natalie; Milne, Emily; Towle, Kaitlyn; Campbell, Steven
On today’s episode, we talk to Dr. Emily Milne, Kaitlyn Towle, and Steven Cambell about MacEwanCYU. With the help of MacEwan, students from Ben Calf Robe can learn about what the university has to offer. Their project helps to inspire young minds and invite them to aspire to a secondary education.
“Hesitation gets you killed:” perceived vulnerability as an axiomatic feature of correctional officer working personalities
(2023) Schultz, William
Research on correctional officers (COs) has expanded over the past two decades, giving us a broad picture into the mental health, culture, and discretionary practices of a traditionally overlooked branch of law enforcement. However, gaps in this portrait remain. Drawing on 131 semi-structured qualitative interviews with Canadian COs, I demonstrate how COs’ perceptions of vulnerability powerfully shape officer actions and working personalities. To explain this, I introduce the concept of the vulnerability axiom, a cultural heuristic that frames how officers perceive their position within prisons. COs describe themselves as vulnerable to threats posed by incarcerated people, managers, and other officers, and act in specific ways to mediate these threats. The vulnerability axiom shapes how COs perceive their position within the prison, impacting relationships with managers and incarcerated people and shaping officer control behaviors. I conclude by discussing how the vulnerability axiom may help to reframe future CO research.
The floating signifier of "safety": correctional officer perspectives on COVID-19 restrictuions, legitimacy and prison order
(2022) Schultz, William; Ricciardelli, Rosemary
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect prisons internationally. Existing research focuses on infections data, meaning we do not fully understand how COVID-19 shapes front-line prison dynamics. We draw on qualitative interviews with 21 Canadian federal correctional officers, exploring how the pandemic impacted prison management. Officers suggested inconsistent messaging around COVID-19 protocols reduced institutional and officers’ self-legitimacy, fracturing trust relationships with incarcerated people. Furthermore, officers suggest that personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gowns and face shields took on multiple meanings. We use Lévi-Strauss’ floating signifier concept to analyze how individual definitions of “safety” informed day-to-day prison routines. We conclude by arguing that legitimacy deficits and contested definitions of “safety” will continue to create uncertainty, impacting prison operations going forward.
Courage catalysts: creating consent culture on campus: a toolkit by students, for students
(2021) Burnham, Julia; Clarkson, Levi; DesRochers, Jacob; Dunne, Catherine; Gabriele, Carina; Garcia, Jaye; Glaspey, Tayler; Gray, Mandi; Gupta, Radhika; Irvine, Taylor; Javed, Kainat; King, Zoe; Kuzmyk, Emma; Magaji, Vatineh; Malankov, Chenthoori; McKay, Alannah; Perry, Nell; Prévost, Francis; Snow, Aubrianna; Toner, Jackie; Wong, Tia; Wright, JJ (Jessica)
Being a student at a post-secondary institution (PSI) comes with many challenges: balancing academic commitments, maintaining a social life on and off campus, working, and family responsibilities—to name a few things. On top of these pressures, more than 71% of Canadian students experienced or witnessed unwanted sexualized behaviours while completing their degree. Though there’s been decades of activism and research to prevent and address gender-based violence (GBV), we still have a lot of work ahead of us to prevent GBV on campus and to meet the needs of survivors at PSIs. If you’re coming to this toolkit frustrated about the pervasiveness of violence on campus, know you are not alone. In fact, this toolkit was designed by diverse student advocates from across Canada who felt a similar frustration. We became involved in advocacy work for a variety of reasons, such as witnessing injustice, supporting our friends in the aftermath of GBV on campus, or navigating sexualized violence ourselves. We had an incredible opportunity to collaboratively create the kinds of tools we wished we had when organizing on campus, and we hope it will be helpful to you. If you are someone who strives to see a growing consent culture at your PSI, this guide will walk you through tools that may help you reach that goal.
Social media and mobilizing change for community impacts: results report
(2022) Vigor, Jana; Wright, JJ (Jessica); Campbell, Karen
Social media has become a pivot for individual level activism and community level change. This collaborative project between the Canadian Women’s Foundation and the McGill iMPACTS project investigates the connections between social media and action for social change in the context of sexual assault on Canadian post-secondary campuses. Along with a panel discussion hosted on June 22, 2022, this report is the final knowledge dissemination component of the project’s three phases. An interdisciplinary literature review on feminist social media use, gender-based violence (GBV), and campus responses to rape culture was developed during the first research phase. The second phase involved connecting with key informants and conducting in depth interviews. This third phase has resulted in this report, summarizing 12 key informant interviews conducted with anti-violence organizers, student activists, and frontline staff working at post-secondary institutions (PSIs) across Canada. The interviews offer insights into how feminist organizers use social media platforms to educate, build movements, and support survivors of sexual violence.
Speak out: addressing 2SLGBTQ youth dating violence: lessons on how to support 2SLGBTQ youth who face dating violence in Canada
(2022) Wright, JJ (Jessica); Zidenberg, Alexandra M.; Fraser, Ley; Peter, Tracey; Jakubiec, Brittany; Cameron, Lee
There are many ways that 2SLGBTQ youth navigate healthy relationships and find joy in their relationships with friends, family, and partners (Asakura, 2019). However, from the available Canadian research, it is known that 2SLGBTQ youth have an equal or greater chance of encountering dating violence when compared with their cisgender and heterosexual peers, particularly if they are multiply marginalized (Dank et al., 2014; Martin-Storey, 2015; Reuter & Whitton, 2018; Smollin, 2011). Recent research from Exner-Cortens et al. (2021) found that one in three Canadian adolescents had experienced dating violence, and the prevalence rates were highest for nonbinary youth. This increased risk of dating violence can also be linked with systemic violence (i.e., cisheteronormativity, settler colonialism, and ableism), which perpetuate dehumanization and translate into interpersonal violence (Abbas, 2022). Despite the increased risk of dating violence for 2SLGBTQ youth, the resources they turn to are not well-informed about issues such as transphobia and homophobia (Quinn & Ertl, 2015).
Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey of gender-based violence services at Canada’s post-secondary institutions
(2022) Wright, JJ (Jessica); Abji, Salina
The COVID-19 pandemic was described as an “unprecedented time” for post-secondary institutions (PSIs) across Canada. Campus closures, the pivot to virtual classrooms, and new health and safety measures have left a significant mark on campus life. While the impacts of COVID-19 on learning and research were often the focus of campus measures, less attention has been paid to how the pandemic affected the work to address and prevent sexual and gender-based violence (GBV) at PSIs. Yet we know that GBV is a global problem that has been categorized as a “shadow” pandemic by the UN, and that PSIs have a significant role to play in GBV prevention education, response, and policy/research leadership on this issue. To help bring more attention to the impacts of COVID-19 on GBV education and response efforts at PSIs, the Courage to Act project initiated a national survey of GBV frontline workers and others involved in GBV efforts at PSIs. Courage to Act is a national initiative focused on addressing and preventing GBV at PSIs in Canada. Leveraging our network of 3500 stakeholders and over 170 of Canada’s top GBV experts and advocates, Courage to Act conducted two surveys, one in 2021 and 2022. Both surveys invited participants to comment on the impacts of COVID-19, as well as innovations and priorities for addressing and preventing GBV at PSIs moving forward. A total of 104 participants responded, mostly frontline GBV workers on campus, but also administrators and students involved in this work. While the results of this community-based research study were not representative of all campus communities, there were important themes that emerged in our analysis. We extrapolated from these themes to identify six major “lessons from the pandemic” for PSIs to consider. These lessons provide insight into how the movement to end campus GBV can build back the momentum for preventing and addressing GBV that was lost due to COVID-19.

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